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The Oxford Reverse Dictionary

The Oxford

Reverse

Dictionary Compiled by David Edmonds

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

OXFORD \JNIVBR.SITY puss

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox26DP

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford, It fUrthers the University's objective of excellence in r!!search, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Buenos Aires Calcutta CapeTown Chennai DaresSalaam Delhi Florence HongKong Istanbul Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Mumbai Nairobi Paris Sao Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York

© Oxford University Press 1999 Database right Oxford University Press (makers) First published 1999 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means. without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ISBN 0 19 86017�X

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Typeset in Nimrod and Arial by Interactive Sciences Limited, Gloucester Printed in Great Britain by MacKays of Chatham Chatham, Kent

....... .. ... .......... .. . ............ ............. .. ...... ........................ ................ ...... . .............. . ......... . ........ . ....... ..

Introduction ...................... .............. ......... ........... . ... .. ............... .... .. ........ . ...... ....... ......... ..... .. ......... ....... ........ ...

We all have words 'on the tip of our tongue', and we all know how hard such words often are to coax back into consciousness, and how bad our speech or writing will look without them: "that bit of the wall that turns into the window" can never really replace reveal without the decorator thinking us a fool, and "the sort of magistrate who conducts inquiries into the causes of someone's death" is no substitute for coroner-indeed, no other term can be. This dictionary is designed to solve these problems quickly and efficiently, grouping the tongue-tip terms under their key concepts: so coroner will be found in the article

game.

magistrate, reveal at wall, and kriegspiel at both war and

The Oxford Reverse Dictionary will guide you to the standard terms for things most people have heard of: it is not an English-learner's dictionary, nor will it help you to literary or archaic words, or to slang; colloquialisms are offered only where standard speech offers no workable substitute. The cabinet minis­ ter's tonguetip has of course a different population from the schoolboy's, and the diversity of the 31,000 listed items takes this into account; but words from specialist vocabularies have been omitted, as have core vocabulary words such as dog and family which are usually immediately available to any native speaker. Items sharinga key concept will be found as entries within the article devoted to that concept (so entries for topiary, spudder, and trug will all be found in the article

gardening),

and items sharing a single definition (such as agent and

representative, or symposium and colloquium) are nested together in a single entry within the appropriate concept article. Such nested items are related in sense, but not necessarily interchangeable: they are listed alphabetically, and any item moved to the back of such a list may be considered an inferior match. Articles are arranged in a single alphabetical sequence through the diction­ ary. Within each article entries are arranged alphabetically where that is possible, or in an appropriate sense-progression such as life-death, top-bot­ tom, eldestjlargest-youngestjsmallest: there is also a general tendency to move out from core items to those that are more peripheral to the senses of the

article headword. Each entry is glossed in the briefest possible way consistent with clarity-the user already knows what the tonguetip term means, and so only needs a pointer, not an exhaustive definition. Where any exist, suffixes or prefixes bearing the basic meaning of the article headword are listed next after it (for example, -wise after

manner), together

(unless one is found elsewhere in the article) with an example of their use: they may serve as a spur to recollection of many further terms semantically

related to the topic treated in the article but not specifically mentioned in it, or assist users in correctly coining their own mot juste where none is shown/ exists. Similarly, adjectives related to the article headword in meaning but not in appearance (for example, dental at tooth), or whose formation may present other difficulties if imperfectly remembered, are listed at the beginning of the article. Item plurals are also given when irregular, but not where a regularly­ formed plural of equal currency exists. Dictionary-writing is a lengthy and lonely process, and I am grateful to many people for help and encouragement along the road. A special acknowledge­ ment is due to Patrick Hanks for detailed advice during the earlier stages of the project, and to Kate Wandless for smoothing the bumpy road of author-publisher relations. Thanks are also due to Dr Adrian Young for infor­ mation on medical terms, Tim Parry for clarification of some psychiatric con­ cepts, and Alasdair Cross for legal definitions. The typescript benefited at a late stage from a thorough read conducted by Lucinda Coventry. DJE

Abbreviations a.m.

before noon

fern.

feminine

pl.

plural

e.g.

for example

esp.

especially

km

kilometre(s)

m

metre(s)

MP

Member of, Parliament

NHS

National Health Service

p.m.

after noon

RAF

Royal Air Force

RC

Roman Catholic

UK

United Kingdom

US,USA

United States (of America)

VDU

visual display unit

19th-c.

nineteenth-century (and so on)

In memoriam

CAROLINE MARY FRASER optimae amicae

Aa •

abandonment legal claim:

abandonment of a •

waiver

abandonmen t of

religious or political adherence: • person

tasy

herence:

apostate, turncoat

abbot . adjective: abbatial •

abbess

abbot:

• abbess's

prior

abbot's

assistant:

. female assistant:

prioress

• abbreviation

abbreviation

• abbreviation •

acronym

word:

pro­

i nitial­

nounced as a string of letters:

ism

apos­

abandoning such ad­

pronou'nced as a

abbreviated title of

short title

a book or document:

eab­

breviated version of a statement or document:

precis, resume, summary

abdomen . adjectives: coeliac, ventral by

•

severe abdominal pain caused

wind

colic

or

intestinal

obstruction:

. stress-associated abdominal

pain with diarrhoea or constipation:

i rritable bowel syndrome optic

inspection

of

the

• fibre­

abdomen:

laparoscopy • incision into the ab­ domen: laparotomy • membrane lin­ ing the abdominal cavity: peritoneum • inflammation

.of

the

peritoneum:

peritonitis

Aberdeen • adjective: Aberdonian able • combining form: -able, -ible, -uble

• adequate

• person

with

ability:

proficiency

exceptional

abilities:

genius, prodigy • demonstrate abilities: prove oneself

one's

• Aboriginal club: nulla­ waddy . Aboriginal dance ceremony: corroboree • Aboriginal medicine man: koradji . Abori­ ginal throwing stick: boomerang . Aboriginal wind instrument: didg­ eridoo • land set aside for Aboriginal settl'!ment: reservation

Aboriginal nulla,

•

a bortion

advocating

abortion:

pro-choice . deprecating abortion: pro-life, right-to-l ife . start an abor­ tion artificially: ind uce . drug caus­ ing abortion: abortifacient

a bout

. combining forms: circum­ (e.g. circumambient), peri- (e.g. perim­ eter) . about to happen: i m minent, impending • combining forms: epi- (e.g. epidermis), over- (e.g. overhang), su per- (e.g. superstructure), supra­ (e.g. supramundane), sur- (e.g. sur­ real)

above

• abrasive

abrasive

• person

abroad

powder:

emery

emi­ g re, exile, expatriate • done or regis­ tered abroad: offshore • sell abroad: export living abroad:

• absence

absence

without permis­ • absence

French leave

sion:

from

truancy leave, fur­

school without permission: • permission

lough

to be absent:

• grant

of brief absence from

exeat • person who is absent: a bsentee • employee's statement

school:

that his absence was due to illness:

self-certification a bsentia

absurdity tion: in

travesty

fact

true

paradox

•

in

• absurd

absence:

misrepresenta­

• seemingly

statement:

• proof

in

absurd but

oxymoron,

of a statement's fal­

sity by demonstrating the absurdity of its logical consequences:

reductio ad

a bsurdum

academic

. academic conference:

colloquium, symposi um . academic • academic thesis: d issertation essay: dissertation, paper, memoir

academiC dre ss I act

...... ........

2

..................................................................................................................................

• academic

academic dress

hat:

bonnet, mortarboard, square • aca­ demic cloak: gown • coloured

headcovering worn over the back of a

hood

gown:

• dark

dress:

l i ripipe

• Irish

Cock­

London accent:

brogue • North­ burr • South East Estuary English

accent:

England

accent:

actors'

sham

rustic

accent:

Mummerset • generally

accepted

accepted or

received

believed:

• available

accommodation

•

vacancy

commodation:

ac­

accommo­

dation unit that is part of a larger •

flat, maisonette

building:

stable

blocks converted to accommodation units:

0 denoting

mews

accommoda­

tion with its own kitchen and bath­ room:

self-contained

. denoting ac­

commodation available as part of a work contract:

•

tied

institution of­

fering basic accommodation: • wardened

elderly

accommodation

or

handicapped:

hostel for

the

sheltered

housing

account

. account showing the as­

sets , liabilities, and capital of a busi­ ness at a particular point in time:

ance sheet sheet

showing

• temporary

ing final

count

•

• denoting

no

debts:

a

bal­

balance

ungeared

account for items await­

allocation:

su spense ac­

account to which credit pur­

chases may be charged: charge account • official examination of ac­ counts: audit . accounting record of money received: credit .accounting record of money spent or owed: debit •

accounting system with each item

entered both as a credit and as a debit:

double entry

. difference between

debits and credits in an account:

ance

•

bal­

accounting item rejected by

the auditor, and repayable by those re­ sponsible:

current

day's •

daybook, journal minor

surcharge

• account-book

transactions:

account-book for

cash

transactions:

book

. large book in which financial ac­

ledger • enter post . make one with another: rec­

counts are written up: an item in a ledger: account consistent

• East

umberland accent: •

tail:

su bfusc

accent ney

. hood

clothing worn with academic

for the

oncile

. comparison of totals from a ' double entry account: trial balance •

money coming into an account:

cei pts

re­

. person assembling and re­

cording

• person

bookkeeper

financial data:

recording or verifying finan­

cial data:

•

accountant

preparation

of financial data to aid management

management accounting cost accounting . British government's decisions: •

analysis of operational costs:

general account at the Bank of Eng­

Consolidated

land:

Fund

. con­

sidered account for legal or publicity use:

statement

accusation recrimi nation

•

counter-accusation:

• achieve

achieve

by skill or devi

contrive • best achieve­ ment: record • past achievements: record , track record ousness:

acid . dye indicating acidity: litmus acquaintance • influential ac­ quaintance: quaintance:

acrobat poles •

• helpful

with

foot

• acrobat's

pair of long

supports:

swinging bar used by acrobats:

eze

stilts trap­

. acrobatic stunts on the wings

of an airborne aircraft:

across

wing wa lking

. combining forms:

trans- (e.g. transatla ntic) ment taken across a circle:

act

ac­

acrobat performing on a

wire-walker maillot • acrobat's

tightrope: tights:

•

connection contact

• daring

d ia-,

• measure­

diameter

escapade, stunt • illegal act: crime, offence • kind or helpful acts: offices, good offices . act without preparation: improvise • act on another's behalf: represent • person

act:

acting on behalf of another:

acting I add

3

a gent, representative • sudden urge to act: impulse • repeatedly perform­ ing the same act(s): serial acting • combining form: pro- (e.g. pronoun) • person acting for an ab­ sent doctor: locum .person acting for a monarch who is absent or incap­ acitated: regent .acting without forethought:

hesitation), -ence (e.g. reference), -tion, -ure (e.g. closure) • action done in automatic response to a stinmlus: •

pearance: • action

action done purely for ap­

gesture, window dressing

consisting of spoken o r writ­

i IIocution • established procedure, process, routine • freedom of action: carte blanche, free hand • ability to take independent action: i n itiative • in­ capable of effective fiction: effete .still requiring action: outstanding • out of action: hors de combat ten words:

series of actions:

• combining form:

activity

-ery (e.g.

archery), -ism (e.g. exorcism) .recre­ ational activity: hobby, pastime, pur­ suit • menial or boring activity: drudgery • pointless cycle of activ­ ities: merry-go-round actor • adjective: histrion i c .ex­ perienced actor: trouper • actor who overacts: ham • actor in a folk play: mummer • actor who performs in si­ lence: mime .actor taking a princi­ pal role: lead i n g lady, leading man • actor taking minor roles: bit player • actor

scenes:

appearing

only

extra, figurant

in

crowd

• actor's

d resser

pre­

stage fright • actor's arrival on stage: entrance • actor's signal to speak: cue • ac­ tor's long speech: monologue

performance

nerves:

.actor's speech when alone on stage: • actor's

soliloquy

words

not

in­

tended to be heard by others on stage: • actor's

aside

impetuous

action .combiningform: -ation (e.g.

reflex

room assistant:

words made up on the

• actor's

ad-lib fluff stage

spur of the moment:

• actor's

mistake in speaking: loud •

whisper:

actors'

sham

• actor's

Mummerset gestures, an

• actor's

accent:

movements,

business

etc.:

actor's

whisper

rustic

.plan

departure from the stage:

exit • actors' backstage rest g reen room • actor's return

room: to the

stage to acknowledge applause: • noise

tain call lating

barb learnt

of

blocking

movements:

indistinct

conversation:

• denoting

his or

rhu­

an actor who has

her role

• denoting

word-perfect

cur­

made by actors simu­

completely: an

actor

dressed as a member of the opposite sex:

• tendency

en travesti

to offer an

actor roles of a type in which he or she has already

casting d rama logue

been

• play

type­ mono­ actors: duo­

suucessful:

for one actor:

.scene for two

.(of an actor) forget one's

lines during a performance:

d ry

• re­

mind an actor what he or she must say:

prompt

couraging with

.acting technique en­

emotional

the

character

identification portrayed: •

Method, method actin g

the

troupe of

.actor who

actors presenting several plays at the

has prepared another actor's role, in

same venue in the course of a season:

order to replace him or her if neces­

understudy actor: Thespian

sary:

playing together:

• sardonic • group

ensemble

term for

of actors

• actors

participating in a performance: • actor's

cast

role • actor's try-out audition • actor's make-up: greasepaint • actor's flesh-coloured tights: fleshings .actor's dressingfor a role:

part:

repertory

company

• euphemism

denoting an unemployed actor:

rest­

ing

acupressure

.Japanese acupres­

shiatsu • spot applied: acupoint

sure therapy: pressure is

add

• extra

of a book:

where

section added at the end

appendix

• add

something

�.

�.�.��������.�.��

........................................................................................

..

not part of the original design:

retro­

fit

alcoholic, phased drugs:

• combining form:

-holic (e.g.

• addict's

workaholic)

abandonment

withdrawal

of

addictive

• addict's

instant

abandonment of addictive drugs:

cold

tu rkey .firm treatment of addicts: tough love • clear an addict's body of drug residues: detoxify

addition . combiningform: epi- (e.g. epiphenomenon) .addition to a book addendum, appendix, supple­ ment • addition to a building: an nex, annexe, extension .addition to a collection: accession • addition to a document: an nex, schedule, rider etc.:

• special

addition to a price or pay­

ment: ition

premium, surcharge to will: cod icil • address

address

used

• add­

as

a

collecting-point for mail:

accom mo­

dation address

for a letter

• address

to be left at a post office until called for:

• period

calf love

add ict

poste restante • synthetic

adhesive

resin used in

paints and adhesives: .join with adhesives:

adjective

• characterizing • denoting

tive:

epithet

that

precedes its

• denoting

polyurethane bond adjec­

an adjective

noun:

attributive

an adjective that is placed

after the verb:

predicative, postposi­

tive

adjust

•

adjust a mechanism:

regu­

late, set • make small adjustments: fi nesse, fine-tu ne, titivate • thin strip of material used to make an exact fit: shim

admiration ation:

• uncritical

admir• object of admir­

adulation ation: cynosure • deserving admir­ ation: commendable, estimable, laudable, praiseworthy admission • admission ritual: in iti­ ation • university admission cere­ mony: matriculation • right of ad­ mission: entree, entry

• adolescent

adolescence

cents reach sexual maturity: • skin

disease of

black pustules:

adult

•

love:

in which adoles­

puberty

adolescents,

with

acne

age at which adulthood is

reached!

majority, coming of age

• suitable

for

children

and

adults:

family

• man

adultery

whose wife has com­

cuckold • married woman's male lover: cicisbeo • con­ doned adulterous relationship: me­ nage it trois (pl. menages a troiS) mitted adultery:

• person

alleged in a divorce case to

have committed adultery: •

respondent

person alleged in a divorce case to

have committed adultery with the re­ spondent:

co-respondent

advance

.advance payment:

• performance

• advance

opening: tion:

preview preprint

• advantage

advantage few: tage

ante

in advance of official

• take

privilege of: exp loit

• use

publica­

granted to

unfair advan­

of various ploys

to gain psychological advantage over one's rivals:

gamesmanship

advertisement making

exaggerated

• advertisement

products:

• advertisement

claims:

discrediting •

knocking copy

puff

rival

advertise­

ments shown between television pro­ grammes:

spot advertising

.prelim­

inary advertisement not naming the product:

• advertisement

teaser

ten by an aircraft smoke trail:

writi ng

sky­

.catchphrase used in an ad­

vertisement:

slogan

• simple

used in an advertisement: vertisement's posedly

writ­

jingle

quotation

impartial

and

of

a

tune

• ad­

sup­

unsolicited

commendation of the item advertised:

testimonial

.large board to display

advertisements:

hoarding

• pair

of

advertisement boards linked by shoul­ der straps: sandwich boards • small handbill:

flyer

.promotional mater-

adviser I age

5

ial on the outside of packaging etc.: • appearance

outsert

of an advertise­

ment in a newspaper etc.:

insertion

.newspaper advertisement presented as

editorial

.small

material:

newspaper

advertorial

advertisements

grouped by topic:

classified advert­ isements • advertising campaign: promotion • postal advertising cam· paign: mai Ishot • unsolicited adver­ tising sent by post: j u n k mail • adver­ tising using images or sounds not registered

by

the

conscious brain: .advertise·

subliminal advertising subliminal

ment's

• person

meta message the text

for

meaning: who writes

advertisements:

authorized advertisements: � see

• respected

viser:

guru, mentor consultant

adviser:

advising

the

• group

Council ing

fly-poster

also publicity

adviser ally

copy­

.person who sticks up un­

writer

specific

think tank

personal

•

ad­

professional

• group

nomin­

sovereign:

Privy

of experts research·

government

• influential

problems:

but unofficial

advisers to a person in authority: .person serving as

kitchen ca bi net

a mouthpiece for divine advice:

or­

acle, prophet

aerial

• aerial

.horizontal rod aerial:

dipole

having a series of short rods: •

Vagi antenna receiving

bowl-shaped aerial

satellite

signals:

satell ite

dish

cataphatic

• combining form: -phobe (e.g. xenophobe) � see also fear

afraid of African

.African club:

knobkerrie panga • long nar· row African drum: tom-tom • Afri­ can hut village: kraal • African itin­ erant storyteller: griot • expedition to hunt or observe wild animals: sa­ fari • African fly causing sleeping sickness: tsetse • African

machete:

after

. combining forms: epi- (e.g. epilogue), meta- (e.g. metaca rp), post­ • after dinner: postprandial • after sexual intercourse: postCOital • adjective:

afternoon meridian matinee

• afternoon

• combining

again

post-

.afternoon performance: sleep:

siesta

forms: ana- (e.g.

anagram, where the letters are 'written again' to form another word), re- (e.g. redo) • request for a performance to

be given again, or such a perform­ ance:

encore

• combining forms: anti­ (e.g. antih ista mine), cata- (e.g. cata­ pult, literally 'throw against ), contra­ (e.g. contraception), counter- (e.g. countermeasure), ob- (e.g. object, lit­ erally 'throw against,) age • age of early childhood: infancy

against

• age

at which sexual

comes possible:

activity be·

puberty

• age

tween puberty and adulthood: •

aerobatics

vertical circle:

the loop • aircraft's fast motion: spin • acrobatic

loop

revolving stunts on

the wings of an airborne aircraft:

wing wa lking

affection

a process of enquiry conducted by af· firmation:

• be

uncritically fond of:

adulate, adore, dote upon .adoles· pu ppy love .feel un­ requited affection for: carry a torch for cent affection:

affirmation

• official

confi rmati on, ratification

affirmation:

• denoting

cence sexual valid:

• age

at which

intercourse

consent

becomes

to

legally

• person

age of consent

be­

adoles­

under

the age of legal responsibility: • age

• too

tain

o f youthful immaturity: young to legally engage activity:

under age

minor nonage

in a cer·

•

age at

which a person is considered capable of managing his own affairs: age of d iscretion • age of legal adulthood: majo rity • achieve this: come of age • age

clines:

at which

sexual

climacteric

•

activity

de­

person of the

6

ric ulture ...a'!ent I ag

. .. .. ..... ........ ..... ........................ ................. ...................................................... ................... .

same age:

•

contemporary

person

• draft

below the age of ful legal responsibil­

tente col

ity:

agreement:

juve n i le • person in his or her sixties: sexagenarian .person in his or her seventies: septuagenarian • person in his or her eighties: octo­ genarian • person in his or her nine­ ties: nonagenarian • person a hun­ dred or more years old: centenarian • mental

and physical decay associ­

ated with old age:

.loss of

senil ity

memory and control of bodily func­ tions amongst the aged:

mentia dotage

• age

•

•

agent

senile de­

of senile dependency:

person in this state:

dotard

confidential agent:

hench­

man • agent arranging sea transport: shipbroker .agent for the purchase

and sale of shares, insurance policies, etc.:

broker

• sporting

• broker's

fee:

brokerage

or artistic agent searching

for promising recruits:

talent scout,

talent spotter •

aggression

policy of yielding to

the demands of a potential aggressor: • diplomacy

appeasement

enforced

by threats of aggression:

lomacy, rattling

power

agreement

gunboat d i p­ politics, sabre­

• apprenticeship

agree­

i n dentures • formal agreement: compact, pact • general agreement: consensus • interim agreement: modus vivendi .legally enforceable agreement: contract

ment:

• agreement

between the pope and a

of an agreement:

• bargaining

to

proto­

reach

made to mutual advantage:

horse­

.demand that must be satis­

trading fied

an

• bargains

negotiation

before

agreement

sti pulation

an agreement: specified

clause ment:

is

reached:

.condition attached to

in

• proviso

exceptions

agreement:

saving

added to an agree­

• in

rider unanimous ment: party

•

proviso

an

full

agreement:

.one side to an agree­

• denoting

between two parties:

an agreement .de­

bilateral

noting an agreement between three or more parties:

.person

mu ltilateral

forwarding an agreement though not party to it: • breach

intermediary, mediator in­

of an agreement's terms:

.formal announcement

fri ngement

of intention to end an agreement:

tice made:

•

no­

reject an agreement already

renounce, repudiate, rescind

agricultural machinery turning over the soil:

.device

plough

.tined

framework breaking the soil:

harrow

• sowing

machine:

dri II • reaping and combine, com­

threshing machine:

bine harvester

ag riculture agri-, agro-

• combining

forms:

.agriculture perceived

as a technocratic activity:

ness, agro-industry

agribusi­

• agricultural

system of abandoning land as it be­ comes exhausted: • denoting

shifting cultivation

a shifting system in which

• agreement

vegetation in new areas is cut down

agreement between members of a so­

ing agriculture producing small per­

secular state: between

concordat treaty

states:

• imagined

and burnt:

slash-and-burn

• denot­

ciety to forego certain personal free­

acre yields by cheap methods:

doms for the general good: social con­ tract • agreement to suspend

sive

hostilities for a stated period:

tice

• agreement

concessions:

reached

com promise

armis­

through .agree­

ment reached by parties to a dispute

settlement • informal treaty: convention • informal under­ standing reached between states: enor

lawsuit:

• denoting

exten­

agriculture

producing high per-acre yields by ex­ pensive methods:

intensive

.denot­

ing agriculture whose yields are just sufficient to feed the farmer: subsist­

ence

• denoting

the use of

agriculture avoiding

artificial

• denoting

chemicals:

or­

agriculture

that

preserves an ecological balance:

sus-

ganic

aesthetics I a i rcraft

7 0 denoting agriculture or

tainable

land devoted to crop-growing:

arable

odenoting agriculture or land devoted to stock-grazing:

0 denoting

pastoral

agriculture involving both of these:

0 introduction

mixed

of

intensive

agriculture to developing countries:

green revolution

0

denoting agricul­

tural property or methods:

agrarian

ointensive

methods:

battery

stock-rearing

farming,

factory

farming

obuilding for intensive poultry rais­ ing:

odark and con­

broi lerhouse

stricted pen in which a calf is raised

veal crate 0 crate-free envir­ onment for stock-raising: loose hous­ i ng 0 ingathering of crops: harvest ocelebration of this: harvest festival , harvest home 0 feeding cattle on cut grass brought in: zero-g razi ng for veal:

ominimization of eros ion by plough­

ing along contours:

ing

0 denoting

contour plough­

agricultural land left

fa llow 0 medieval allocation open-field sys­ tem 0 agricultural machinery: dead­ stock 0 agricultural animals: l ive­ stock 0 seasonal movement of livestock to different pasture: trans­ olivestock fattened for humance slaughter: fatstock 0 animal's weight as saleable meat: deadweight 0 book recording livestock pedigrees: herd book 0 supply water for agricultural purposes: irrigate 0 study of soil unsown:

of agricultural land:

management

agronomy tool

aesthetics

and

� see 0

crop

also crop,

0

fa rm,

aesthetic expert:

noisseur 0 person with sense: boor, philistine

Aids

production:

con­

no aesthetic

sexual activity with precau­

tions against Aids:

safe sex

suffered by Aids victims:

0

cancer

Kaposi's

sarcoma

air

ocombining forms: aero-, atmo­ (e.g. atmospheric), pneum (o)- 0 in the air: aerial ocontaining air: pneu­ matic 0 riSing current of warm air:

thermal 0 admit air to: aerate, venti­ late oallowing the passage of air: porous odesigned for minimum air­ resistance: streaml ined 0 operated by air pressure: pneu matic 0 in the open air: alfresco 0 denoting air hav­ ing less oxygen than normal: rarefied oairless region: vacuum 0 die through lack of air: suffocate 0 kill through deprivation of air: suffocate, asphyxiate oair-pollution filter for the nose and mouth: mask 0 retard­

ing effect of air on a moving object:

drag 0 study of air movement: aero­ dynamics 0 study of air travel: aero­ nautics 0 combining form:

aircraft osmall

light

oaircraft

with

monoplane sets of wings:

aero­ m icrolight

aircraft:

0

one

pair

aircraft

of

wings:

having

two

odenoting an

biplane

aircraft that can move its wings from a right-angled to swept-back position:

swing-wing,

variable

geometry

oaircraft taking off from and landing on water:

oaircraft taking

seaplane

off and landing on water or land:

am­

ojet aircraft landing and

phibian

taking off vertically:

jump jet

gineless

aircraft:

fixed-wing

oen­

glider

opowered aircraft kept buoyant by gas:

airship, dirigible

owingless air­

craft with powered horizontal rotor:

hel icopter

0

wingless aircraft with

unpowered horizontal rotor:

autogiro,

autogyro

oaircraft capable of space

travel:

spaceplane

oaircraft

equipped to carry liquids in bulk:

tanker

0 aircraft

positions: signed

observing

spotter plane

to

evade

enemy

• aircraft

radar

de­

detection:

stealth plane 0 aircraft's main body: fuselage oaircraft with little or no fuselage: flying wing ofar from the fuselage: outboard 0 near to the fu­ selage: inboard • inside the fuselage: i n board, on board ooutermost layer of an aircraft's structure: skin olights showing an aircraft's position:

raft aircraft I airc

..

8

.............. .......... ................. . ... .... .. ........ . .... ..... .... .... .... ........... . . . . .. ... . . ... . . .... . ... ........... .. ... . . . . . . ... .

navigation lig hts, ru nning lig hts, sidelights .aircraft carrying goods: freig hter • pilotless aircraft packed with explosives: flying bomb • air­ craft

manufacture •

aerospace

and

part

of

technology:

an

aircraft's

aircraft:

flying

• aircraft's

pressu rization hold • person loadmaster • air­

cargo area:

in charge of cargo:

craft crew responsible for passengers or cargo:

•

cabin crew

passengers or cargo:

list of aircraft .per­

man ifest

structure specially curved to give it

son hiding on an aircraft in order to

lift:

travel

• streamlining

aerofo i l

on an aircraft: jection •

structure

• flattened

fa iring

improving

stability:

pro­

fin

wheels etc. supporting an aircraft

while on the ground:

landing gear,

.cables etc. control­

un dercarriage

ling flight surfaces and engines:

ging wing:

•

aircraft's

delta wing

single

•

rig­

triangular

hinged rear edge

of an aircraft's wing:

aileron, fla p

•

aircraft wing flap projected t o create

•

detachable unit on an aircraft:

drag: •

spoiler

front and rear of an

and aft flight •

.aircraft's door:

•

part of an aircraft for the

crew:

cockpit,

transparent

cockpit:

hatch pod aircraft: fore

cover

of

flight an

• flight

ca nopy

deck

aircraft crew's

powered seat for emergency escape:

ejection seat, ejector seat • cockpit instrument panel: console, dash­ board • instrument showing an aircraft's height: altimeter • instru­ ment showing the rate of climb or des­

cent:

va riometer

direction of flight:

joystick

•

•

rod

fl ight crew

pilot

able

cover

for

•

electronic

avionics

avi­

• remov­

an aircraft engine:

cowling • aircraft engine's outer cas­ nacelle • section divider in an aircraft: bulkhead .aircraft's small window: • aircraft's porthole kitchen: gal ley .maintenance of at­

ing:

mospheric

•

or to the back of an aircraft: •

astern out­

on the outside of an aircraft:

.use of a powered aircraft to

boa rd

pull a glider into the air: •

and

behind

aerotowing

bulk air transport of troops or sup­

airl ift • flying or operation of aviation • aircraft's planned or actual course: fl ight path, vector • route regularly used by aircraft: air lane, airway • permitted air route: air corridor • official record of an aircraft's journey: log • aircraft's flight recorder: black box, fl ight data recorder .flight path of an aircraft waiting to land: holding pattern plies:

aircraft:

• aircraft

circling a given point at dif­

ferent altitudes while waiting to land: •

stack

aircraft's path between take­

off and level cruising:

climb-out

an aircraft to make a turn: •

aircraft's

steep

climbing

• tilt

bank turn:

drift

keeping an aircraft on a set course:

automatic

payload , useful load

.person

pi lot • captain's assistant: ficer, co-pilot • person directing an aircraft's route: navigator • device ation equipment:

stowaway

passengers

captain, first of­

control column,

persons responsible for fly­

ing an aircraft:

cargo:

paying:

paying

chandelle .level an aircraft: flatten out • aircraft's maximum possible al­ titude: ceiling • maintain an aircraft at a steady altitude: trim .aircrafi's

controlling

in command of an aircraft:

without

• aircraft's

pressure inside a high·

deviation from course due to wind: •

aircraft's speed relative to the

ground:

• aircraft's

ground speed

speed relative to the ambient air: • trail

speed

hind a moving aircraft:

wake,

wa sh

air­

of disturbed air left be­ • trail

of

slipstream, condensed

water left by an aircraft at high alti­ tude:

va pour tra i l

aircraft

passing

than is permitted:

• instance

each

other

of two closer

airmiss

.denoting

an aircraft in difficulties:

in distress

• region

of low or uneven pressure de­

stabilizing an aircraft:

air pocket, tur-

9

aircraft I airport

......................................................... .......................................................................................

bulence • aircraft shake caused by turbulence: buffet, buffeting .(of an aircraft) rock from front to back: pitch .(of an aircraft) rock from front to back: rol l • (of an aircraft) twist from side to side: yaw • violent swing of an aircraft on or near ground: ground loop • aircraft's steep downward plunge: nosedive • aircraft's fast re­ volving motion: spin .aircraft's un­ powered landing: deadstick landing • aircraft's rough emergency landing: crash-landing, hard landing • air­ craft's emergency landing with a final vertical drop: pancake landing • aircraft's gradual descent to the run­ way: approach • aircraft's circling course after aborted approach: goa rou n d • aircraft's .landing des­ cent: glide path • runway contact by the wheels of a landing aircraft: touchdown • landed aircraft's decel­ eration along the runway: rol l-out • aircraft's slow ground movement to or from the runway: taxi ing • airport personnel servicing an aircraft be­ tween flights: ground crew .prepare an aircraft for its return journey: turn rou n d • housing for an aircraft: hangar • official unveiling of a new aircraft: roll-out • hire an aircraft for a trip: charter • hire of an aircraft without crew: d ry lease • hire of an aircraft with crew: wet lease • enter or place on an aircraft: em bark, em­ plane, enplane .throw from an air­ craft: jettison • leave an aircraft: dis­ em bark, deplane • denoting an aircraft safe to fly: ai rworthy .estab­ lishment monitoring aircraft move­ ments: tracki ng station • service monitoring and directing aircraft movements: air traffic control .per­ mission for an air movement given by air traffic control: clearance .de­ tails of a proposed flight submitted to air traffic control: flight plan .com­ puterized mock-up of an aircraft cock­ pit used in pilot training: fl ight simu-

lator • prohibit an aircraft from flying: ground • illegally seize con­ trol of an aircraft: hijack, skyjack .air force unit of six aircraft: fl ight • anti-aircraft fire: flak • military aircraft's emergency takeoff: scram­ ble • military aircraft's wartime op­ eration: mission � see also aerobat­ ics, airliner, navigation • airstrip on an aircraft carrier: fl ight deck

aircraft carrier

.military airfield: airbase .hard-surfaced area on an airfield where aircraft may park or man­ oeuvre: apron, fl ightline • strip for taking off and landing: runway • illu­ minated runway: flarepath .flexible cylinder showing wind direction and force: drogue, sleeve, windsock .large building for housing aircraft:

airfield

hangar c airliner carrying many passengers: jum bo, j u m bo jet • short-haul airliner carrying many passengers: airbus • part of an air­ liner for the passengers: cabin • most expensive class of passenger accommodation: first class • middle class passenger accommodation: cl u b class • cheapest passenger accom­ modation: economy class, tourist class • persons attending to passen­ gers' needs: cabin crew, flight attend­ ants, stewards • bag suitable for transport in the cabin: carry-on, flight bag .air-traveller's luggage beyond his or her allowance: excess baggage • list of airliner passengers: manifest • person hiding on an air­ liner in order to travel without pay­ ing: stowaway • company providing scheduled public air transport: airline • product promotion giving vouchers redeemable for stated distances of free air travel: Air Miles™

airliner

.airport building for de­ parting and arriving passengers: ter­ m i nal • airport reception counter:

airport

airship I alle rgy

10

. . . ......... ........................... ............ .......................... ..... ........ ................. .....................................

desk • those parts of an airport ter­ minal that lie between its street en­ trance and customs and passport con­ trol: landside • those parts of an airport terminal that lie between the aircraft and customs and passport control: airside • desk where depart­ ing passengers have their tickets in­ spected: check-i n • non-appearance of booked passenger: no-show • re­ fusal to honour a ticket, due to over· booking: bumping • ticket-holder waiting for a seat to become available: stanC:by .airport information board or screen: ind icator • airport lounge for passengers changing planes: tra n­ sit lounge • airport exit to a particu­ lar flight: gate • raised passageway to an aircraft: pier • movable steps giving access to an aircraft: ram p .airport's non-flying staff: ground staff • airport employees servicing an aircraft: ground crew • rotating machine from which luggage is col­ lected: carousel • arrival or depart­ ure of an aircraft: movement • ele­ vated office from which flight movements are controlled: control tower • tiredness felt after a flight across time zones: jet lag .mechanically propelled airship: dirigible • German military airship used in First World War: Zep­ pel i n • airship's gas container: en­ velope • cabin suspended beneath an airship: gondola

airship

• courage gained by drink­ ing alcohol: Dutch courage • appar­ atus for distilling alcohol: sti l l .per­ son authorized to sell alcoholic drinks: victualler, licensed victualler • denoting a place authorized to sell alcoholic drinks: licensed .denoting an alcoholic drink served without fur­ ther dilution: neat, straight .denot­ ing a region where alcoholic drinks cannot be purchased: d ry • add alco­ hol surreptitiously to a drink: spike .make alcohol unfit to drink: de-

alcohol

nature • alcohol denatured by metha­ nol: methylated spirit • abstinence from alcoholic drinks: teetotalism, temperance .delusions caused by tremens delirium alcoholi&l: • intermittent craving for alcohol: dipsomania echild's mental and physical retardation caused by the mother's consumption of excessive al­ cohol during pregnancy: fetal alcohol

alcoholism

syndrome .proliferation of algae in water: algal bloom • study of algae:

algae

algology

• algebraic expression of the sum or difference of two terms: bi­ nomial .expression of more than two algebraic terms: polynom ial • number multiplying an algebraic variable: coefficient

algebra

• fictional mechanical alien or­ ganism: dalek _ imagined alien being: l ittle green man • person claiming to have had dealings with alien beings: contactee • wartime imprisonment of resident aliens: i n­ ternment • resident alien in ancient Greece: metic

alien

• dye indicating alkalinity: l it­ mus .non-alkaline substance: base

alkali all

. combining forms: o mni-, pa ne, panto- (e.g. pantomime, originally (re­ ferring to a mime artist) 'imitator of all) .for all persons or things: u niversal • all at once: en bloc, simu lta neously .all-in: freestyle • all-knowing: om­ n iscient • all-powerful: omnipotent • all together: en bloc, en masse

• disease breaking out over all parts of a country or over all the world: pan­

demic • allergy causing breathing difficulties: asthma • allergy caused by pollen: hay fever • substance causing an allergic reaction: al lergen • denoting a substance unlikely to cause an allergic reaction: hypo-

allergy

alliance I ambassador

11

allergenic • itchy red spots caused by food allergies: h ives, nettlerash, urti­ caria • compound released into cells to combat allergens: h istamine • medicine used to treat allergies: antihistamine • cure allergy by grad­ ual exposure to its cause: desensitiza­ tion • skin allergy test: patch test

• informal alliance: entente • secret alliance between firms to prevent competition: cartel • se­ cret alliance of purchasers at an auc­ tion to force down prices: ring • tem­ porary alliance between political parties: coal ition, front .temporary alliance between businesses: consor­ tium

alliance

• money paid to a carer for looking after an invalid: attend­ ance allowance .money paid to local councillors for tim� spent on council business: attendance allow­

allowance

ance • alloy used to join metal: sol­ der • mercury alloy used to fill teeth: amalgam • alloy of gold and silver: electrum • goldlike alloy of copper and zinc: pinchbeck • silver-like alloy of nickel, zinc, and copper: nickel silver, German silver • alloy of which monumental brasses are made: latten

alloy

• almond paste: marzipan almonds to remove their skin:

almond • scald

blanch • pers